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Leonardite is lignite, oxidized in natural
conditions, formed as a result of prolonged weathering. It is a soft shiny wax
mineraloid with black or brown color. This is a natural mineral complex of
phenolic hydrocarbons. This name is used to denote products for the oxidation
of lignite coal with a high content of humic acids.
Oxidized coal was originally named
Leonardite after AG Leonard, the first director of the North Dakota Geological
Survey (USA), who contributed greatly to the early study of this material. The
most common deposits of Leonarditis are in the United States, Canada, Australia
and Russia, as well as in some other countries, such as Turkey, Greece,
Thailand. The chemical composition of Leonardite, as well as the content of
humic acid in it varies from 35% to 90%.
Leonarditis has formed in the process of
humification (animal and plant residues decomposed by microorganisms and
abiotic environmental factors) over millions of years. In a prehistoric swamp,
plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use solar energy to form
biomass. The same representatives of the plant world become food for
prehistoric vertebrates and insects. At the end of its life cycle, the carbon
from dead animals and plants returns to the natural environment, forming
sedimentary deposits at the bottom of the swamp. This cycle lasts for millions
of years, which leads to the accumulation of organic matter - the layers of
compressed sludge turn into leonardite deposits.
Leonardite is mined in the upper layers of
brown coal or lignite deposits that are closer to the surface. There is
extracted material with a high degree of oxidation and content of organic
matter, which is in the process of mineralization, ie Leonardite has not yet
completed the process of complete transformation into coal. That is why it is
not used as a fuel in the energy industry.
Applications:
The commercial use of Leonardite is due to
the use of humic acid and the fulvic acids it contains. Globally, Leonardite is
one of the most valuable sources of humic acids. The main difference between
Leonardite compared to other products containing humic substances (sapropel, peat,
etc.) is the high biological activity of its molecular structure. The unique
properties of humic acids from Leonardite are also explained by the molecular
weight of their molecules - from 2500 and more. Other sources are inferior in
this indicator: sapropel - up to 1000, peat - from 500 to 2500.
The main areas of application of Leonardite
are in agriculture (plant growth activator), in the feeding of productive and
unproductive animals, birds and fish - in the form of a feed additive (Humic
Health), in oil drilling, for soil reclamation and water purification.
One of the characteristics and advantages
of Leonardite humic acids over other biologically active substances is their
harmlessness to humans. Numerous laboratory tests and clinical trials for
mutagenic, carcinogenic, embryotoxic and teratogenic effects have shown that
there are no side effects even at multiple doses.